When we speak about common cancers in women, we usually find ourselves thinking about breast cancer and cervical cancer. However, when I started researching about leading common cancers in women living in Malta, I came across this chart which clearly mentions various other sites in relation to female cancer (Dalmas, M., 2002).

The chart above indicates the incidence rate as well as the mortality rate of the most common cancers in women in Malta. Thus, below we will be skimming through most of these cancers and their symptoms, treatments and other related information. While the data compiled above is related to the years 1998 to 2000, I will be mentioning more recent statistics in relation to the different covered cancer sites throughout the article.

Cancer Sites

Click on the type of cancer you’d like to read about for more information:

• Breast Cancer
• Bowel Cancer
• Uterine Cancer
• Ovarian Cancer
• Lymphoma Cancer
• Thyroid Cancer
• Pancreas Cancer
• Lung Cancer
• Stomach Cancer
• Leukaemia
• Brain Cancer
• Cervical Cancer

Breast Cancer

Breast Cancer Symptoms

Breast cancer can cause multiple symptoms, however, the most common symptom is a lump in the breast tissue. Whilst most lumps are not cancerous, whenever a lump is felt it is best to visit your family doctor to have it assessed.

Other breast cancer symptoms include skin dimpling in your breast skin, lumps or swelling within the breast tissue extending to your armpits, changes in the size of one or both of your breasts, nipple shape change or a rash or discharge on or around your nipple. Pain is usually not a symptom of breast cancer.

Breast Cancer Risk Factors

Whilst the main cause of breast cancer is still unknown, there are certain factors that can contribute to an increased risk of the incidence of breast cancer. Factors include:

• breast cancer family history
• older age
• past history of a non-cancerous lump
• past diagnosis of breast cancer
• alcohol consumption
• excessive weight (overweight or obese)

Breast Cancer Diagnosis and Treatment

Following a visit to your family doctor, if needed you may be referred for further testing. Breast cancer can be diagnosed through a mammogram or a biopsy. If detected early, breast cancer can be treated before it spreads to other parts within the body. Treatment may require surgery, chemotherapy or radiotherapy.

Breast Cancer Prevention

If you have an increased risk for developing breast cancer, it is best that you avoid alcohol, exercise frequently so as to keep your weight within the normal range, and consume less saturated fat such as whole milk products, lard, chicken skin, butter etc. (NHS, 2019).

Breast Cancer Screening

In Malta, a government-funded breast cancer screening programme was introduced back in October 2009, where women between the age of 50 and 69 are invited for a free mammogram every 2 years, which is evaluated by two different radiologists. In case of uncertainty, a recall would be offered an ultrasound and possibly a biopsy.

For more information about the breast screening programme you may contact NSP by email on [email protected] , by phone on 21227470/1, or on their Facebook page National Health Screening Centre.

Breast Cancer Malta Statistics

Within the Maltese Islands, in 2017, there were 363 new confirmed cases of women diagnosed with breast cancer, while 64 women passed away with the same cancer (Department of Health Information and Research, 2019).

Click HERE to go back to the list of common cancer sites…

Bowel Cancer

The term ‘bowel cancer’ refers to cancer related to the large intestine, which is then classified as colon cancer or rectal cancer depending on where it initially starts.

Bowel Cancer Symptoms

Bowel cancer symptoms may include:

• Blood in your stool: if it manifests as a result of bowel cancer, blood will be persistent and not a one-off
• Persistent change in your bowel movement: an increase in bowel movement frequency as well as softer/liquid faeces or constipation on a persistent basis
• Lower abdomen pain: pain is persistent and usually accompanied by bloating and discomfort, mostly caused after food intake
• Possible unintentional weight loss and lack of appetite
• Lethargy: feeling very weak and drained of energy

It is important to know that there may be other causes for the symptoms above, and thus, if you are experiencing these symptoms, it doesn’t automatically mean that you have bowel cancer. However, if any of the symptoms mentioned exceed 4 weeks, it is important to talk to your doctor.

Bowel Cancer Risk Factors

Although the exact cause of bowel cancer is not yet known, there are risk factors as listed below that may increase your chance of getting bowel cancer:

• Age: the risk of bowel cancer increases drastically for individuals over 60 years of age
• Diet: frequent intake of red and processed meat, as well as lack of fibre in your diet
• Weight: being overweight or obese, as well as being less active with regards to physical activity
• Alcohol and Smoking: both alcohol and smoking increase your chance of getting bowel cancer
• Family history: if your mother and father or any of your siblings developed bowel cancer whilst being less than 50 years of age, you may be considered as high risk

Bowel Cancer Prevention

If you fall under the high risk category for bowel cancer, there are things you can do to reduce this risk. These include losing weight and exercising, alcohol and smoking cessation, and reducing red and processed meat intake in a balanced healthy diet.

Bowel Cancer Screening

In Malta, Colorectal Cancer Screening, which is a government-funded screening programme offered for free, has been introduced in 2013 for individuals aged 55 to 69 years, and is performed once every two years. A FIT (Faecal Immunochemical Test) is used for screening purposes (You may refer to Dr Natalie Psaila’s article for more details on how the colon cancer screening test is performed). If this test comes out positive, a colonoscopy is usually advised.

For more information about the colon screening programme you may contact NSP by email on [email protected], by phone on 21227470/1, or on their Facebook page Malta National Health Screening Programmes.

Bowel Cancer Diagnosis and Treatment

When you first visit your GP in the case of persistent symptoms, your GP may first palpate your abdomen and rectum to see if there are any lumps. Your GP may also order some blood tests, mainly to test for anaemia and iron deficiency to ensure there is no loss of blood from your bowels.

You may also be referred to the hospital for some more testing to rule out bowel cancer. Hospital testing may include a sigmoidoscopy (examination of your back passage), biopsies (testing of small tissue sample taken from your rectum), colonoscopy (examination of your large bowel) and a CT scan (provides a 3D visual of your large bowel and rectum) in case of a suspected bowel obstruction. If any treatment is given and symptoms return after it is finished, go back to your GP for more guidance.

Bowel cancer treatment includes surgical removal of cancerous parts within the rectum, chemotherapy or radiotherapy to kill cancerous cells, as well as targeted therapies which help increase effectiveness of chemo whilst preventing further cancer spreading. Surgery is usually performed as a keyhole or robotic procedure to ensure less pain and faster healing.

Living with Bowel Cancer

After bowel cancer is removed, the use of a stoma will be needed, which is basically a small discreet bag that collects your faeces. It may feel uncomfortable at first, but with the right support and help, one may be able to adapt to living a normal life again. Support can include talking to family members, relatives or friends who you know are very understanding, bowel cancer support groups, learning more about living with bowel cancer, and most importantly being gentle with yourself whilst getting accustomed to your new life. You are also guided accordingly by nurses post-treatment about stoma care.

Bowel Cancer Malta Statistics

Within the Maltese Islands, in 2017, there were 127 new confirmed cases of women diagnosed with bowel cancer, while 72 women passed away with the same cancer (Department of Health Information and Research, 2019).

Click HERE to go back to the list of common cancer sites…

Uterine Cancer

Uterine cancer, also known as endometrial or womb cancer, affects the female reproductive system, more commonly found in post-menopausal women.

Uterine Cancer Symptoms

Uterine cancer most commonly causes abnormal vaginal bleeding. In menstruating women, a much heavier period or bleeding between one period and another is considered abnormal. In women who have already experienced menopause, all vaginal bleeding is considered abnormal.

If you experience the above, visit your GP as soon as possible. You may be subjected to an internal examination and referred to a specialist to rule out any serious issues.

Uterine Cancer Risk Factors

While the main cause of uterine cancer is still unknown, there are certain risk factors that determine an increase in possible development of this cancer. Uterine cancer risk factors include:

• A higher level of oestrogen in the body: Factors that contribute to such a hormonal increase include obesity. Overweight women have three times more risk than women with a healthy weight, whilst obese women have six times more risk than women with a healthy weight.
• Post-Menopause: the body stops producing progesterone after menopause, however, small amounts of oestrogen are still produced. This causes the endometrium cells to divide, which in return increases the risk.
• Long term use of Tamoxifen (a breast cancer drug). However, the benefits of this drug outweigh the risk of uterine cancer development.
• Aged between 40 and 74.
• Women who have not had children have a higher risk of developing uterine cancer, since hormonal changes in pregnancy seem to have a protective long term effect on the lining of the womb.
• High levels of insulin may increase the risk of tumors.
• PCOS produces high levels of oestrogen, which therefore increases the risk.

If you fall in the high risk categories mentioned above, you should ideally try to lose weight through healthy eating and physical exercise, or talk to your gynae about possible use of hormonal contraceptives that may help.

Uterine Cancer Treatment

Uterine cancer treatment is most commonly done through a hysterectomy, which includes the surgical removal of the uterus, sometimes along with the removal of the fallopian tubes and the ovaries. This means that you may no longer be able to get pregnant.

In some cases where possible, women who don’t want to lose their chance of getting pregnant may be offered an alternative hormonal therapy (progestogen).

Sometimes radiotherapy and chemotherapy are also used as treatments.

In cases where treatment cannot completely cure this cancer, it can still be given to ease symptoms and prolong life.

Living with Uterine Cancer

Women who have had a hysterectomy following a uterine cancer diagnosis may experienced low libido and may find it hard to enjoy their sex life again, especially if their ovaries were removed. In endometrial cancer treatment, women tend to experience narrowing of their vaginal canal, which may make sex difficult. If you experience this, you may discuss the issue with your gynae who may give you related advice.

Some women experience depression after a hysterectomy, depending on their personal situation. In such cases, counselors or therapists may help by teaching coping techniques in relation to any possible grief or pain. Your GP may also prescribe antidepressants should there be the need.

Uterine Cancer Malta Statistics

Within the Maltese Islands, in 2017, there were 70 new confirmed cases of women diagnosed with uterine cancer, while 13 women passed away with the same cancer (Department of Health Information and Research, 2019).

Click HERE to go back to the list of common cancer sites…

Ovarian Cancer

Ovarian Cancer, also known as cancer of the ovaries, is another common type of cancer among women. Although ovarian cancer can affect women of any age, it is most common in women who have already been through menopause (usually over 50 years old).

Ovarian Cancer Symptoms

Ovarian Cancer symptoms can sometimes be misleading since they are very similar to symptoms caused by Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS). These symptoms include:

• Bloating
• Discomfort in the pelvis/abdomen area
• Swollen abdomen
• Feeling full quickly whilst eating
• Increased urination frequency

If you feel bloated at least 12 times a month, or you are experiencing more of the above mentioned symptoms (especially if you have ovarian cancer in your family history), it is important that you visit your GP and talk about your concerns.

Ovarian Cancer Risk Factors

Whilst the main ovarian cancer cause is still unknown, studies have shown that there are certain risk factors which increase the chance of ovarian cancer incidence. These include:

• Having passed menopause or being over 50 years of age
• Having a family history of ovarian or breast cancer
• Making use of HRT (Hormone Replacement Therapy) – although usually the increased risk is very minimal
• Endometriosis – a condition that causes a lining similar to the one in the uterus to grow on the outside of the uterine wall
• Being overweight or obese and lacking physical exercise
• Smoking
• Exposure to asbestos, which is a natural mineral and carcinogen that causes mesothelioma

Ovarian Cancer Treatment

Ovarian cancer treatment depends on when the cancer was detected as well as how it has already developed. Treatment includes surgery, which usually involves the removal of both ovaries, fallopian tubes and the uterus. Chemotherapy is usually administered after surgery, however, in some cases it is also administered pre-surgery to reduce the size of the cancer.

The earlier the cancer is detected, the higher the chances of treatment being affective. Unfortunately there are cases where it is not detected soon enough and so a cure would be impossible. Similarly, after successful treatment, the same cancer may return in a couple of years, and if it does come back, it usually is untreatable.

However, when healing is impossible, the medical team provides a plan to relieve the patient’s symptoms and prolong life through controlling the cancer as much as possible, sometimes increasing life expectancy from 5 years post diagnosis to up to 10 years.

Ovarian Cancer Malta Statistics

Within the Maltese Islands, in 2017, there were 37 new confirmed cases of women diagnosed with ovarian cancer, while 31 women passed away with the same cancer (Department of Health Information and Research, 2019).

Click HERE to go back to the list of common cancer sites…

Lymphoma Cancer

Lymphoma cancer, also known as Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma, is a cancer that develops in the lymphatic system, which is a network of vessels and glands spread throughout the body, and also a part of the immune system. In this type of cancer, cancer-affected lymphocytes lose their ability to fight infection, thus making the patient vulnerable to being infected.

Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma Cancer Symptoms and Diagnosis

Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma Cancer symptoms usually include painless swelling in the lymph nodes, most commonly in the neck, armpit or groin.

Lymphoma can only be diagnosed through a biopsy, which is a surgical procedure where affected tissue cells are extracted and tested in a laboratory.

Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma Risk Factors

Whilst the main cause of lymphoma cancer is still unknown, studies show that taking immunosuppressants, having a medical condition that weakens your immune system, having been previously exposed to the Epstein-Barr virus, or having a family history (especially your parents or your siblings) with this type of cancer, increase your risk of developing Lymphoma.

Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma Treatment

Treatment for non-hodgkin Lymphoma cancer depends on the type and development of the cancer, as well as the patient’s age. Low-grade tumors do not usually require immediate medical treatment, however, they are usually more difficult to cure completely. On the other hand, high-grade tumors require immediate medical attention but respond better and are easier to cure completely. Treatment usually includes chemotherapy, radiotherapy, or a type of targeted treatments called monoclonal antibody therapy.

It is important to note however that there is the possibility of long term problems after treatment, which include infertility as well as an increased risk of developing a different type of cancer.

Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma Malta Statistics

Within the Maltese Islands, in 2017, there were 35 new confirmed cases of women diagnosed with non-hodgkin lymphoma, while 11 women passed away with the same cancer (Department of Health Information and Research, 2019).

Click HERE to go back to the list of common cancer sites…

Thyroid Cancer

Thyroid cancer is a type of cancer affecting the thyroid gland, which is a small hormone-producing gland found at the base of the neck. Women are up to 3 times more likely to develop this type of cancer than men, and it is most commonly found in people within their 30’s as well as over 60 years of age.

Thyroid Cancer Symptoms

Common thyroid cancer symptoms include:

• a persistent sore throat
• finding it hard to swallow
• persistent hoarseness
• swollen glands within the neck area
• a painless lump or swelling in the neck front area

It is important to note however that not all lumps found within the neck area are cancerous. In fact, research shows that only 1 out of 20 lumps on average are cancerous.

Thyroid Cancer Diagnosis

If you have any of the symptoms listed above, it is important to consult your GP, who can examine your neck and order blood tests to check your thyroid performance. Your doctor may also refer you to further tests to rule out thyroid cancer, which include an ultrasound scan, a biopsy, a CT scan or an MRI scan.

Thyroid Cancer Risk Factors

Thyroid cancer is caused when thyroid cells undergo a change in their DNA structure, causing uncontrollable growth which produces a lump. While the main cause for this DNA structural change is still unknown, studies show that the following risk factors increase the chance of developing thyroid cancer:

• Excessive weight
• Thyroid conditions such as Thyroiditis or Goitre (underactive or overactive thyroid do not increase the risk for thyroid cancer)
• Family history of thyroid cancer
• Radiation / Radiotherapy exposure during childhood
• Having FAP (Familial Adenomatous Polyposis) – a bowel-related condition
• Having Acromegaly – a rare condition which causes the body to produce excessive growth hormones

Thyroid Cancer Treatment

Thyroid cancer treatment depends on the type of cancer and the amount of spreading of the cancer upon diagnosis. Treatment includes the surgical removal of part or all thyroid, radioactive iodine treatment (which is a liquid substance taken orally), chemotherapy or radiotherapy. Post-treatment you may be required to attend follow-ups so as to be checked for possible recurrence of cancer.

Thyroid Cancer Malta Statistics

Within the Maltese Islands, in 2017, there were 58 new confirmed cases of women diagnosed with thyroid cancer, while no deaths among women were registered with the same cancer (Department of Health Information and Research, 2019).

Click HERE to go back to the list of common cancer sites…

Pancreas Cancer

Pancreas cancer, also known as Pancreatic Cancer, is found within the pancreas, which is located at the top of the abdomen. Pancreatic function includes helping the digestion of food as well as hormone production.

Pancreatic Cancer Symptoms

Pancreatic cancer symptoms may be hard to spot in certain cases, whilst at times no symptoms are present. However, possible symptoms may include:

• Jaundice – the skin or the whitish area in the eyes turn yellow
• Darker urine
• Paler stools
• Lack of appetite or unexplained weight loss
• Lethargy – lack of energy
• Fever
• Shivering or feeling hot
• Nausea
• Bloating or other symptoms related to indigestion
• Changes in your bowel movements such as diarrhoea or constipation
• Abdomen pain (top part of the abdomen) and in your back which worsens whilst eating or lying down, but which is relieved when leaning forward

It is important to mention that the symptoms mentioned above may be also symptoms caused by other conditions such as IBS (Irritable Bowel Syndrome).

Pancreatic Cancer Diagnosis

If any of the symptoms listed above are present, persistent, feel like they are worsening, or you feel uncomfortable and doubtful, it is advisable to consult your GP. Your GP may palpate your abdomen and may ask for a urine sample or order blood tests for you. Further tests may also be required to rule out pancreatic cancer, such as a CT Scan, PET Scan, MRI Scan, Biopsy, Laparoscopy, or an ERCP test. These tests can also be used to diagnose problems related to other nearby organs.

Pancreatic Cancer Risk Factors

Whilst the cause of pancreatic cancer is still unknown, there are specific risk factors that increase the chance of developing pancreatic cancer. These include:

• Being over 75 years of age
• Having other medical conditions such as chronic pancreatitis
• Family history of pancreas cancer

Pancreatic Cancer Prevention and Treatment

Pancreatic cancer is often associated with lifestyle choices. Whilst pancreatic cancer cannot always be prevented, there are certain changes that you can work on to help reduce your chance of developing pancreatic cancer. Suggested changes include:

• Lose weight, especially if you are overweight or obese
• Reduce your consumption of red and processed meat
• Quit smoking and reduce your alcohol consumption

Pancreatic cancer can be difficult to treat, and the chosen treatment depends on the cancer size, location, possible spread and overall health. Suggested treatments include surgery, chemotherapy, radiotherapy and/or support.

If cancer is found to be in an advanced phase and cannot be cured, treatment emphasis will be on reducing the symptoms by limiting the cancer spread as much as possible, and extend life expectancy.

Pancreatic Cancer Malta Statistics

Within the Maltese Islands, in 2017, there were 29 new confirmed cases of women diagnosed with pancreas cancer, while 35 women passed away with the same cancer (Department of Health Information and Research, 2019).

Click HERE to go back to the list of common cancer sites…

Lung Cancer

Lung cancer is one of the most common cancers in both men and women, and it is usually considered to be quite serious. When cancer develops first within the lungs, it is called ‘primary lung cancer’, whilst when cancer starts elsewhere and then moves on to the affect the lungs, it is called ‘secondary lung cancer’. Here we are going to focus on Primary Lung Cancer.

Lung Cancer Symptoms

Unfortunately, in the early stages of lung cancer, there are usually no signs or symptoms that one may notice. However, as the cancer develops further, many start to experience symptoms such as:

• persistent breathlessness
• persistent coughing
• pain whilst breathing and/or coughing
• coughing up blood
• unexplained fatigue
• unexpected weightloss

It is highly important that if you experience any of the above symptoms persistently, you should visit your GP as soon as possible.

Lung Cancer Risk Factors

Lung cancer can develop in any person, even in non-smokers. However, there is a much higher incidence of lung cancer in individuals who smoke. In fact, smoking is said to account to about 72% of the total cases of lung cancer, since smoking involves regular inhalation of various toxic substances. Lung cancer seems to be rarer in individuals aged 40 and under, affecting mostly older individuals. According to the NHS, more than 4 out of 10 individuals diagnosed with lung cancer in the UK are 75 years or older.

Lung Cancer Treatment

The type of lung cancer as well as its progressiveness and general health determines the treatment chosen for any individual diagnosed with lung cancer. Possible treatment includes surgery, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy.

Unfortunately symptoms of lung cancer take longer to become evident, as explained earlier, and at times, a cure may be impossible. In the case of non-curable lung cancer, targeted therapies are offered with the aim to control the growth of the cancer as much as possible. Early diagnosis is crucial when it comes to lung cancer.

Lung Cancer Malta Statistics

Within the Maltese Islands, in 2017, there were 66 new confirmed cases of women diagnosed with lung cancer, while 49 women passed away with the same cancer (Department of Health Information and Research, 2019).

The risk of developing lung cancer can be reduced drastically if you do not smoke. If you haven’t yet started smoking, do not start. Teach your children the dangers of smoking and the increased possibility of developing lung cancer through smoking. And if you already smoke, think seriously about quitting. You CAN stop smoking if you set your mind to do it successfully. We suggest you take a look at some professional smoking cessation tips by Dr Natalie Psaila which you can start applying right away.

Click HERE to go back to the list of common cancer sites…

Stomach Cancer

Stomach cancer is a cancer that develops anywhere within the stomach.

Stomach Cancer Symptoms

Stomach cancer symptoms may be hard to spot at times, especially if you have other stomach-related conditions already, such as GERD (gastro-oesophageal reflux disease), since many possible symptoms of stomach cancer are also experienced with such conditions. In such case, it is important that you still visit your GP again if you experience changes in your symptoms such as symptoms that change, worsen or feel different or weird.

Possible stomach cancer symptoms include:

• lack of appetite
• feeling full quickly when eating
• difficulty swallowing
• unexplained weightloss
• nausea or vomiting
• pain or lump at the top part of the abdomen
• feeling lethargic (no energy)
• experiencing heartburn or acid reflux
• indigestion symptoms (which includes excessive burping)

Stomach Cancer Diagnosis

When experiencing symptoms such as the above, it is important to consult your GP for advice. Your GP may palpate your abdomen, and may suggest sample testing of your urine or stool, as well as blood tests. You may also be referred for further testing so as to rule out the possibility of stomach cancer.

Further testing may include a gastroscopy, which allows a specialist to look into your stomach thanks to a long, thin, flexible tube via your mouth. The specialist will also be able to collect a sample (biopsy) throughout the same procedure which will then be sent to the laboratory for further testing. This procedure may also indicate other possible issues related to the oesophagus (food pipe) and the small intestine. Other tests may also include a CT Scan, PET Scan and/or Laparoscopy.

Stomach Cancer Risk Factors

Studies show that anyone may develop stomach cancer, however the following risk factors increase the chance of developing it:

• being a man
• being over 50 years of age
• family history which includes stomach cancer especially in parents and/or siblings
• suffering from other stomach conditions eg. severe acid reflux, gastritis, or Pernicious Anaemia, which has an affect on the immune system
• having a long term Helicobacter Pylori (H. pylori) infection

Stomach Cancer Precautions and Treatment

Many stomach cancers can be easily linked to lifestyle choices. Whilst it cannot always be prevented, there are changes you can make to reduce your risk of developing stomach cancer:

Maintain healthy weight: if you are overweight or obese, try to implement lifestyle changes so as to lose excess weight. Reduce your salt intake and limit red and processed meat in your diet. Include at least 5 portions of vegetables and fruit in your daily food intake.

Protect yourself from harmful substances: if you smoke or drink alcohol, try to stop. Avoid drinking more than 14 units a week of alcohol, and if possible stop smoking altogether. If you work in an environment where you are constantly exposed to harmful chemicals, wear protective clothes and masks.

Stomach cancer treatment depends on the general health of the individual as well as the location, spread and the type of cancer. Treatment may include surgery, which usually takes longer to recover from. Chemotherapy and radiotherapy may also be chosen as treatment options. Targeted treatments may be used to control the spread in the case of a non-curable cancer. Similarly, surgery may be suggested to relieve a blockage in the stomach. This helps food pass through the stomach in an easier way. The aim of this surgery is to reduce the symptoms associated with stomach cancer, and not as a cure.

Stomach Cancer Malta Statistics

Within the Maltese Islands, in 2017, there were 16 new confirmed cases of women diagnosed with stomach cancer, while 13 women passed away with the same cancer (Department of Health Information and Research, 2019).

Click HERE to go back to the list of common cancer sites…

Leukaemia

Leukaemia is a type of cancer that affects the white blood cells. Acute leukaemia progresses in a quick and aggressive manner, usually requiring immediate treatment. AML (Myeloid Leukaemia) affects myeloid cells, which is one type of the two types of cells that make up the white blood cells. Myeloid cells help the body fight bacterial infections and prevents tissue damage.

Acute Myeloid Leukaemia Symptoms

Acute Myeloid Leukaemia spreads in an aggressive manner, and symptoms usually develop over a few weeks, worsening by time. Symptoms include:

• recurrent or frequent infections
• unusual bleeding such as nose bleeds or bleeding gums
• pallor
• lethargic
• feeling breathless
• unexplained weight loss

Acute Myeloid Leukaemia Risk Factors

While in most cases of Myeloid Leukaemia there seems to be no evident cause, studies show that there are a number of risk factors that increase the chance of developing it. These include previous exposure to radiation, chemotherapy, or benzene which is frequently used in cigarette manufacture. Smoking is believed to increase the risk as well as having certain blood disorders or genetic conditions, including Down’s Syndrome. Risk also increases with age, with the most common age of developing this type of Leukaemia being that of 75 years and over.

Acute Myeloid Leukaemia Treatment

Treatment for this type of cancer needs to be started as early as possible. This usually includes chemotherapy, but in some cases further intensive chemotherapy and radiotherapy may be needed, combined with bone marrow transplant or stem cell transplant.

Acute Myeloid Leukaemia Malta Statistics

Within the Maltese Islands, in 2017, there were 10 new confirmed cases of women diagnosed with multiple myeloma cancers, while 7 women passed away with the same cancer (Department of Health Information and Research, 2019).

Click HERE to go back to the list of common cancer sites…

Brain Cancer

Brain cancer is a malignant cancerous growth in the brain. It is different than a benign brain tumour that spreads much slower and is not cancerous.

Brain Cancer Symptoms

The symptoms of a brain cancer vary according to the location in which it develops. Symptoms include:

• headaches that are usually worse in the morning and during coughing or any straining activity
• weakness
• vision and speech problems that worsen over time
• seizures
• nausea and vomiting on a regular basis
• memory related problems
• changes in personality

Brain Cancer Treatment

Brain cancer treatment may include surgery, chemotherapy, radiotherapy, radiosurgery, and the use of carmustine implants (also known as glial wafers), which is a recently developed way of using chemotherapy through implants that are inserted in the brain. Other treatments may be given to help with brain cancer symptoms such as for headaches and vomiting.

When caught earlier on, brain cancer may be cured. However, a brain tumour may eventually come back, and at times is difficult or impossible to remove.

When removal of a brain tumour is successful, there may still be long term after-effects such as speech impairment, mobility problems and seizures. Occupational therapy and physiotherapy may be helpful options throughout your recovery period as well as to adapt to any long term effects.

Other side effects of brain cancer treatment may include cataracts, epilepsy, and problems related to thinking, memory, language or judgement. A stroke may also be possible. To lower your risk of developing a stroke, keeping a healthy lifestyle is advised. This includes following a healthy lifestyle through healthy eating, physical exercise and smoking cessation.

Brain Cancer Malta Statistics

Within the Maltese Islands, in the years 1998-2000, there were 23 new confirmed cases of women diagnosed with brain cancer, while 21 women passed away with the same cancer (Dalmas, M., 2002).

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Cervical Cancer

Cervical cancer is not listed as a high incidence and high mortality cancer among Maltese women in the graph shown at the top of this article. We can most probably attribute this to the government-funded screening programme we have running in our country.

Cervical Cancer Prevention

Screening: Cervical cancer can be most effectively controlled through screening. Early discovery of cytological abnormalities through regular pap smear tests and early treatment helps avoid the development of cervical cancer. In fact, such testing is said to reduce the incidence of cervical cancer by up to 80%.

In Malta, cervical screening is offered free to women aged between 25 and 49 every 3 years and every 5 years until the age of 64. However, since almost all cervical cancers are caused by an HPV, which is a very common virus that can be passed on through any type of sexual contact with a man or a woman, women are encouraged to start going for routine pap smears once they become sexually active.

For more information about the cervical screening programme you may contact NSP by email on [email protected], by phone on 21227470/1, or on their Facebook page National Health Screening Centre.

HPV Vaccination: An HPV vaccine is also being offered for free to girls aged 12 years, with two doses being given 6 months apart. This vaccine, which is called Gardasil, protects against 4 types of HPV, including the 2 strains responsible for the majority of cervical cancers, as well as preventing genital warts. Whilst this vaccine reduces the risk of developing cervical cancer, sexually active females are still encouraged to attend regular pap smear testing.

Smoking Cessation: Smoking unfortunately makes it harder to heal from HPVs which eventually may develop into cervical cancer. Thus, if you do not smoke or you stop smoking altogether, you reduce the chance of developing cervical cancer.

Safe Sex: HPV is spread through unprotected sex. Using condoms is the best way to prevent getting infected by HPV. However, it is important to know that the virus can be spread through any type of sexual contact, not just penetrative sex, and the risk increases further if you have multiple partners.

Cervical Cancer Symptoms

Symptoms of cervical cancer may not be evident immediately, which is why, screening is the best way to prevent it. However, the first signs that usually show up are related to bleeding, mainly bleeding between periods, bleeding after menopause or bleeding during or after sex. Thus, it is important that you visit your GP immediately if you experience any bleeding of this sort.

Cervical Cancer Malta Statistics

Within the Maltese Islands, in 2017, there were 11 new confirmed cases of women diagnosed with cervical cancer, while 7 women passed away with the same cancer (Department of Health Information and Research, 2019).

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References

Dalmas, M. (2002). Cancer in the Maltese Islands 1998-2000. Malta National Cancer Registry. Department of Health Information. Accessed on 5th October 2020 at https://deputyprimeminister.gov.mt/en/dhir/Documents/can_malt_isl.pdf

Department of Health Information and Research (2019). Cervix Uteri Cancer. Malta National Cancer Registry. Accessed on 18th October 2020 at https://deputyprimeminister.gov.mt/en/dhir/Documents/Cancer/2020/cancers%20pdfs/Cervix%20uteri_2017.pdf

Department of Health Information and Research (2019). Colorectum Cancers. Malta National Cancer Registry. Accessed on 12th October 2020 at https://deputyprimeminister.gov.mt/en/dhir/Documents/Cancer/2020/cancers%20pdfs/Colorectum_2017.pdf

Department of Health Information and Research (2019). Female Breast Cancer. Malta National Cancer Registry. Accessed on 6th October 2020 at https://deputyprimeminister.gov.mt/en/dhir/Documents/Cancer/2020/cancers%20pdfs/Breast_2017.pdf

Department of Health Information and Research (2019). Lung Cancers. Malta National Cancer Registry. Accessed on 17th October 2020 at https://deputyprimeminister.gov.mt/en/dhir/Documents/Cancer/2020/cancers%20pdfs/Lung_2017.pdf

Department of Health Information and Research (2019). Multiple Myeloma Cancers. Malta National Cancer Registry. Accessed on 18th October 2020 at https://deputyprimeminister.gov.mt/en/dhir/Documents/Cancer/2020/cancers%20pdfs/Multiple%20myeloma_2017.pdf

Department of Health Information and Research (2019). Non Hodgkin’s Lymphoma. Malta National Cancer Registry. Accessed on 16th October 2020 at https://deputyprimeminister.gov.mt/en/dhir/Documents/Cancer/2020/cancers%20pdfs/NHL.pdf

Department of Health Information and Research (2019). Ovarian Cancer. Malta National Cancer Registry. Accessed on 16th October 2020 at https://deputyprimeminister.gov.mt/en/dhir/Documents/Cancer/2020/cancers%20pdfs/Ovary_2017.pdf

Department of Health Information and Research (2019). Pancreas Cancer. Malta National Cancer Registry. Accessed on 16th October 2020 at https://deputyprimeminister.gov.mt/en/dhir/Documents/Cancer/2020/cancers%20pdfs/Pancreas_2017.pdf

Department of Health Information and Research (2019). Stomach Cancers. Malta National Cancer Registry. Accessed on 18th October 2020 at https://deputyprimeminister.gov.mt/en/dhir/Documents/Cancer/2020/cancers%20pdfs/Stomach_2017.pdf

Department of Health Information and Research (2019). Thyroid Cancers. Malta National Cancer Registry. Accessed on 16th October 2020 at https://deputyprimeminister.gov.mt/en/dhir/Documents/Cancer/2020/cancers%20pdfs/Thyroid_2017.pdf

Department of Health Information and Research (2019). Uterus Cancers. Malta National Cancer Registry. Accessed on 12th October 2020 at https://deputyprimeminister.gov.mt/en/dhir/Documents/Cancer/2020/cancers%20pdfs/Uterus%20body_2017.pdf

NHS (2019). Acute Myeloid Leukaemia. Accessed on 18th October 2020 at https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/acute-myeloid-leukaemia/

NHS (2019). Bowel Cancer. Accessed on 11th October 2020 at https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/bowel-cancer/

NHS (2019). Breast cancer in women. Accessed on 6th October 2020 at https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/breast-cancer/

NHS (2019). Cervical cancer. Accessed on18th October 2020 at https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/cervical-cancer/

NHS (2019). Living with womb (Uterus) cancer. Accessed on 12th October 2020 at https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/womb-cancer/living-with/

NHS (2019). Lung cancer. Accessed on 17th October 2020 at https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/lung-cancer/

NHS (2019). Malignant Brain Tumour (Brain Cancer). Accessed on 18th October 2020 at https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/malignant-brain-tumour/

NHS (2019). Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma. Accessed on 16th October 2020 at https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/non-hodgkin-lymphoma/

NHS (2019). Ovarian cancer. Accessed on 16th October 2020 at https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/ovarian-cancer/

NHS (2019). Stomach cancer. Accessed on 18th October 2020 at https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/stomach-cancer/

NHS (2019). Thyroid cancer. Accessed on 16th October 2020 at https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/thyroid-cancer/

NHS (2020). What is pancreatic cancer. Accessed on 16th October 2020 at https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/pancreatic-cancer/